Expression of VEGF and CD-31 in traumatic ulcer of diabetic Wistar rats after application of Citrus limon peel essential oil.

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that delays the healing process, including the interruption of the processes of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The etiology of most angiogenic-related diseases, such as diabetes complications, includes the presence of hypoxia caused by declined vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) and CD-31. d-limonene, one of the main constituents of Citrus limon, is considered to have angiogenic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the exact mechanism of this process remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the potential of C. limon as a medication for diabetic ulceration. Methods: A total of 30 Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) induced with DM and traumatic ulcers on the lower lip mucosa were divided into six groups-three each for control and treatment groups. Control groups were treated with CMC 5% gel, and treatment groups were administered with C. limon peel essential oil gel. The expression of VEGF and CD-31 was observed on days 5, 7, and 9. Immunohistochemical examinations were performed with the monoclonal antibodies anti-VEGF and anti-CD-31. ANOVA was conducted to analyze the differences between the groups (p < 0.05). Result: An increase in VEGF and CD-31 expression in the treatment group was observed compared with that of the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Citrus limon peel essential oil gel increased VEGF and CD-31 expression during the healing process of traumatic ulcers in diabetes-afflicted Wistar rats.

The Response of the Tongue Epithelial on Cigarette Smoke Exposure as a Risk Factor for Oral Cancer Development.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze the tongue epithelial response to cigarette smoke exposure on a number of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression to determine the risk factor of oral cancer development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty Rattus norvegicus will be exposed to two kinds of cigarette smoke by a smoking pump for 4 and 8 weeks. The tongues were collected to analyze the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells with hematoxylin-eosin. The MMP-9 expression was similarly analyzed with immunohistochemical staining and then compared with the control group. RESULTS: The number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and MMP-9 expression was higher in the 8-week cigarette smoke exposure compared to the 4-week cigarette smoke exposure and the control group (p < 0.000). The number of plasma cell did not differ in the 8-week cigarette smoke exposure from that of the control group (p > 0.05). The number of plasma cells in the tongue tissue during the 4-week cigarette smoke exposure was not determined. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoke exposure induces the risk of oral cancer development as a result of an increase in the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and MMP-9 expression in the tongue epithelial.

Citrus limon Peel Essential Oil-Induced Type IV Hypersensitivity Reaction.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects from Citrus limon-peel essential oil (Cl-PEO). Cl-PEO can be developed as topical drugs for oral ulceration because of its potential active components. There have been no studies on the topical application of Cl-PEO inducing type IV hypersensitivity reaction. PURPOSE: To investigate the potential of Cl-PEO from Batu City to induce type IV hypersensitivity reactions based on clinical changes, lymphocytes, macrophages, IFNγ, andIL10 expression. METHODS: This study was adapted from a guinea pig maximization-test method in Indonesia and the guidance of ISO 10,993-10:2010, and conducted on 20 guinea pigs (Cavia cobaya) divided into a control group and a treatment group. The treatment group was given Cl-PEO and the control group CMC-Na. Clinical changes were observed, then tissue specimens taken for hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS: There were no clinical changes after exposure. Lymphocyte and macrophage numbers and IFNγ and IL10 expression increased in the treatment group compared to the control group (p=0). CONCLUSION: Cl-PEO can induce type IV hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs based on cellular and molecular cytokines, but there are no clinical changes after topical application.